This text was initially printed by Knowable Journal.
The outer photo voltaic system is awash with liquid water. A briny ocean is hid beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s fourth-largest moon, Europa—with extra water than all of Earth’s oceans mixed. A subsurface sea on Saturn’s moon Enceladus spews plumes of water vapor into house. And there are tantalizing hints that oceans might exist on Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, and different distant moons, too.
Now one other moon seems to be secretly flooded. Saturn’s moon Mimas, identified for its uncanny resemblance to the Dying Star in Star Wars, may harbor liquid water beneath its icy shell. If that’s true, related seas might be hiding in plain sight, and the outer photo voltaic system could also be much more liveable than beforehand thought.
In 2014, astronomers first printed proof that Mimas is likely to be a watery world—submerging the neighborhood in a decade-long debate. Many, together with Alyssa Rhoden, a planetary scientist now on the Southwest Analysis Institute in Boulder, Colorado, had been extremely skeptical of the likelihood. Their reasoning was easy: Mimas’s closely cratered floor confirmed no indicators of an inner ocean. As with Enceladus, Saturn’s gravity ought to churn any potential ocean waters inside Mimas, inflicting giant cracks to seem within the floor ice. No such fractures have been seen.
The tides may now have turned. Two research—one by Rhoden and colleagues and one other by Valéry Lainey of the Paris Observatory and colleagues—make a stronger case for an ocean and even clarify the conundrum on the floor. Collectively, the analysis means that Mimas could have a younger and altering ocean. In that case, it raises the prospect of an outer photo voltaic system rife with exercise. That risk is what most excites Rhoden, who spoke with Knowable Journal concerning the potential ocean and why it might be such a boon for scientists.
This dialog has been edited for size and readability.
Shannon Corridor: What will we find out about these hidden oceans?
Alyssa Rhoden: In some ways, they appear like our personal—at the least in that they’re probably made up of salt water.
We all know that these ocean worlds have icy surfaces from their general shiny look, as confirmed by telescopic and spacecraft measurements that detect signatures of water ice. Some ocean moons even have low sufficient densities that they in all probability have water ice blended into the rock of their interiors. With warmth, that water ice melts into liquid water, which can erode rock to create salt water. On Enceladus, salt water is conveniently spewing out into house.
Corridor: Given how chilly it’s within the outer photo voltaic system, what generates the warmth?
Rhoden: Distant oceans may at first appear out of the query. Warmth to soften ice is difficult to return by so removed from the solar. However because of a gravitational quirk, the outer photo voltaic system may be fairly balmy.
Contemplate Jupiter and its moon Europa. Jupiter exerts a robust gravitational pressure on Europa, elongating Europa within the route of Jupiter. As a result of Europa’s orbit is eccentric—it swings near Jupiter earlier than swinging farther away—Europa will get stretched and launched over time. This creates friction within the inside that gives the warmth essential to maintain a liquid ocean.
We first noticed hints that Europa may host a subsurface ocean when the Voyager mission swung previous Jupiter in 1979. Europa doesn’t appear like our moon and even most our bodies within the inside photo voltaic system. Its icy floor doesn’t have numerous craters however is as a substitute coated with crisscrossing strains and damaged items which have shifted round. You don’t have to take a look at it very exhausting to think about that one thing totally different is happening there.
Corridor: You point out floor options. What different proof will we depend on to detect a hidden ocean?
Rhoden: A method is to take a look at magnetic fields. As a result of salt water is electrically conductive, it may well create a magnetic discipline across the moon that disrupts the planet’s magnetic discipline. That could be a main piece of proof for Europa’s subsurface ocean.
However that alone will not be sufficient. It’s the mixture of proof that leads us to conclude there’s an ocean. We’d additionally contemplate, for instance, measurements of salt on the floor and the way the moon’s gravity tugs on a spacecraft. As a result of the densities of rock or liquid steel differ from the density of liquid water, the scale of these tugs gives clues to the fabric, in addition to the place inside the moon it’s concentrated.
Or we’d merely think about how the moon’s face adjustments route all through its orbit. Usually, these small moons at all times present their identical face to their dad or mum planet, very similar to our moon. However as a moon strikes via its orbit, the route it factors can shift a bit backwards and forwards—making a shimmy within the seen portion. The extent of that shimmy will depend on the inside. An ice shell over an ocean can transfer extra freely than an ice shell on high of rock, so the adjustments are usually bigger. That’s how the ocean was detected at Enceladus. And it’s among the best strains of proof for an ocean at Mimas.
Corridor: Let’s speak about Mimas. How did you find yourself finding out this moon?
Rhoden: I had spent a decade or so engaged on Europa and different icy moons when the 2014 Mimas paper got here out. That paper measured that shimmy, or libration, because the seen portion of the moon shifts, suggesting Mimas hosted both a subsurface ocean or an oddly formed core.
However an ocean appeared unimaginable. Mimas appears to be like very similar to our moon, with a closely cratered floor. It didn’t host any crisscrossing strains or damaged items like Europa. And it definitely wasn’t spewing geysers like Enceladus. So I took one have a look at Mimas, and I stated, “There’s no manner that’s an ocean moon.” But I noticed I couldn’t refute the thought.
I saved Mimas in my thoughts over time, finally placing collectively a paper for the Annual Evaluate of Earth and Planetary Sciences in 2023. That paper dominated out a number of ocean situations and left just one choice: an ocean that shaped not too long ago, nicely after Mimas itself. A younger ocean might be stealthy. But it surely was nonetheless only a speculation.
Corridor: How has the latest work modified the image?
Rhoden: Early in 2024, Valéry Lainey and his group reported new observational proof in favor of an ocean on Mimas. They regarded not on the libration however at adjustments in Mimas’s orbit via time—adjustments that rely on the inside construction. They discovered that these adjustments couldn’t be defined by an oddly formed core, leaving an ocean as probably the most viable choice.
My group’s analysis, printed in June, has gone on to clarify the shortage of seen floor fractures. We argue that the ocean is so younger—merely 10 million years previous—that it has solely not too long ago stopped rising. We expect that the tidal stresses of a younger, churning ocean might not be sufficient to crack the ice above. As a substitute, what’s wanted is the stress that comes when the ocean finally refreezes. As a result of Mimas is dropping warmth as its orbit turns into much less eccentric over time, refreezing—which is just simply starting on Mimas—will trigger the overlying ice to crack.
The analysis means that finally Mimas might be going to lose its ocean, which is slightly unhappy, since it’s simply being acknowledged. However on the flip aspect, Mimas could develop into the brand new Enceladus—the brand new coolest moon of Saturn—with deep cracks and perhaps even jets of water.
Corridor: What are the big-picture implications of this analysis?
Rhoden: I’m on this from a geophysical standpoint. We consider the earliest epochs in our photo voltaic system as the recent occasions, when all of the exercise occurs; then the whole lot evolves towards a quieter state. Pluto’s moon Charon might need misplaced an ocean. And Europa’s and Ganymede’s oceans are fairly previous. {That a} moon might kind a brand new ocean nicely into its historical past, and that we might watch? That’s thrilling! It opens up the likelihood that any world, together with one with an previous, cratered floor, could also be going via the same transition.
There’s additionally curiosity in habitability—whether or not these oceans are appropriate for supporting life. We don’t at the moment know whether or not any of the photo voltaic system’s oceans, apart from our personal, are liveable, have been inhabited, or are at the moment inhabited. But when Mimas really has an ocean, we might have a window into how these worlds develop and even how habitats are created and misplaced. It’s thrilling to have the ability to see these processes as they happen—as a substitute of at all times viewing the tip states of issues that occurred way back.
Corridor: What upcoming missions might inform us extra?
Rhoden: The European Area Company has already launched the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, or Juice, which can make detailed observations of Europa, and the moons Ganymede and Callisto, which present hints of oceans. And within the fall of 2024, NASA will ship the Europa Clipper into orbit round Jupiter to find out if Europa has circumstances appropriate for all times.
The Uranus system, excessive on NASA’s agenda for a future mission, is the place I see probably the most implications for this current work. It’s surprisingly just like the Saturn system, together with internet hosting ice-rich, midsize moons just like Mimas and Enceladus. If there’s a younger ocean on Mimas, it’s not an enormous leap to contemplate that water worlds may exist among the many Uranian moons, too.
